Comparison of Body Fat Percentage and BMI in Pre-hypertensive and Hypertensive Female College Students of West Tripura
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a significant health risk linked to hypertension and heart-related disorders in adolescents, impacting their future well-being . Since, the present work is to determine the body constitute including percentage of body fat correlates with cholesterol level which associate with Body Mass Index.
Methods: This cross-sectional work was held in 120 college girls aged 19-23 years of Bhavan’s Tripura College of Science and Technology, Anandanagar at West Tripura. Anthropometric measurements such as standing height, body weight, sub scapular and triceps skinfolds, waist &hip circumference were collected. These records were used to calculate Body Fat Percentage (%BF) and Fat Mass (FM). Waist and Hip ratio (WHR) and Body Mass Index (BMI). FM, %BF and biochemical studies such as serum cholesterol level were also used to measures the body fat composition.
Results: According to the present study, 53.33% of girls have a normal BMI, 8.83% are underweight, 31.67% are overweight, and 6.67% are obese. WHR results indicate that 54.17% of participants are classified as obese and 45.83% as non-obese. Out of 114 (95%) girls with normal cholesterol levels of 16 (13.33%) students are pre-hypertensive and 10 (8.33%) students are hypertensive. Out of 38 overweight and 8 obese students 13.34% are in pre or hypertensive. Based on WHR, 65 (54.17%) female students are obese; out of 65 obese students, 12 (10%) and 7 (5.83%) female students are pre-hypertensive and hypertensive, respectively and this value is statistically significant (p value < 0.05). Out of 55 (45.83%) no-obese students 8 (6.67%) girls are pre-hypertensive and 5 (6.67%) girls are hypertensive. According to BMI female students who are overweight or obese (5%) also have excessive blood cholesterol.
Conclusion: This study expressed clear evidence of correlation in BMI, serum cholesterol level and Hypertension. These results are important for epidemiological studies to identify the cardiovascular risk in obese adults and help to solve a health problem of present Youngers in their future life. This study serves as an early health warning for female college students.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Saha P, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117:e25-146. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.187998
Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, et al. Obesity pathogenesis: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(4):267-296. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2017-00111
Fruh SM. Obesity: risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(SI):S3-S14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12510
Kim H, Cho Y. Factors associated with metabolic syndrome among middle-aged women in their 50s: based on national health screening data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:3008. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093008
Delgado A, Fernandez T, Martinez-Gonzalez M, Salas-Salvado J, Corella D, Castaner O, et al. The effect of physical activity and high body mass index on health-related quality of life in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:3728. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103728
Ferrannini E, Cushman WC. Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions. Lancet. 2012;380:601-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60987-8
Ungvari Z, Toth P, Tarantini S, Prodan CI, Sorond F, Merkely B, Csiszar A. Hypertension-induced cognitive impairment: from pathophysiology to public health. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:639-654. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-021-00430-6
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti-Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;36:1953-2041. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
World Health Organization. Hypertension [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; [accessed 2022 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/details/hypertension
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hypertension Cascade: Hypertension prevalence, treatment, and control estimates among U.S. adults aged 18 years and older applying the criteria from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association’s 2017 Hypertension Guideline—NHANES 2017-2020. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2023 May 12 [accessed 2023 Jul 6].
World Health Organization. World health statistics 2021: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: WHO; 2021. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027053
Tchernof A, Despres JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):359-404. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
Piche ME, Tchernof A, Despres JP. Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2020;126(11):1477-1500. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.120.316101
Despres JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;126(10):1301-1313. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.067264
Eveleth PB, Tanner JM. Worldwide variation of human growth. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
Reddon H, Gueant JL, Meyre D. The importance of gene-environment interactions of human obesity. Clin Sci. 2016;130:1571-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs20160221
Shuster A, Patlas M, Pinthus JH, Mourtzakis M. The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1009):1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/38447238
WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index in Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3
Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Risvas G, Kontogianni MD, Zampelas A, et al. The association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and obesity status in the ATTICA study. Obes Res. 2004;12:1914-20.
McGee BI, Diverse Population Collaboration. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:87-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.05.012
Kragelund C, Hassager C, Hildebrandt P, Trop-Pedersen C, Kober L. Impact of obesity on long-term prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2005;98:123-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.042
Budimir D, Jeroneic A, Gunjaea G, Rudan I, Polasek O, Boban M. Sex-specific association of anthropometric measures of body composition with arterial stiffness in a healthy population. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18(2):Cr65-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.882457
Schorr M, Dichtel LE, Gerweek AV, Valera RD, Torriani M, Miller KK, et al. Sex differences in body composition and association with cardiometabolic risk. Biol Sex Differ. 2018;9(1):28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-018-0189-3
Wells JCK. The evolutionary biology of human body fatness: thrift and control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511691843
Leung KC, Johannsson G, Leong GM, Ho KK. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:693-721. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2003-0035
Arakaki S, Maeshiro T, Hokama A, Hoshino K, Maruwaka S, Higashiarakawa M, et al. Factors associated with visceral fat accumulation in general population in Okinawa, Japan. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2016;7(2):261-267. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.261
Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67(5):968-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.67.5.968
Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1867-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.16.1867
Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(17):1566-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.334
Park SH, Choi SJ, Lee KS, Park HY. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in Korean adults. Circ J. 2009;73(9):1643-50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-09-0161
Yamashita K, Kondo T, Osugi S, Shimokata K, Maeda K, Okumura N, et al. The significance of measuring body fat percentage determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis for detecting subjects with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Circ J. 2012;76(10):2435-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-12-0337
Sandhu HS, Koley S, Sandhu KS. A study of correlation between lipid profile and BMI in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Hum Ecol. 2008;24(3):227-9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906119
Hussain S, Hussain I, Sana B, Waheed K, Qaisera S. Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus with biometric variables: a study in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Ann King Edward Med Univ. 2009;15(2):48-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v15i2.13
Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H, Mimian P, Hajipur R, Madjid M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (Phase I). Soz Praventivmed. 2002;47(6):408-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s000380200008
Lee KS, Cho SD, Hong HS. The risk factors associated with increased blood pressure, sugar, and lipids in multiphasic health checkup examinees. Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(2):69-75. Available from: https://www.jpmph.org/journal/view.php?number=204
Lindsay RS, Hanson RL, Roumain S, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Tataranni A. Body mass index as a measure of adiposity in children and adolescents: relationship to adiposity by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and to cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4061-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.9.7760
Costa GB, Horta N, Resende ZF, Souza G, Barreto LM, Correia LH, et al. Body mass index has a good correlation with pro-atherosclerotic profile in children and adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(3):261-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x2009000900010
Aghasadeghi K, Zarei-Nezhad M, Keshavarzi A, Mehravani D. The prevalence of coronary risk factors in Iranian Lor migrating tribe. Arch Iran Med. 2008;11(3):322-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18426325/
Bakari AG, Onyemelukwe GC, Sani BG, Aliyu IS, Hassan SS, Aliyu TM. Relationship between random blood sugar and body mass index in an African population. Int J Diabetes Metab. 2006;14(4):144-5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497607
Touitou Y, Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Rensing L. Ethical principles and standards for the conduct of human and animal biological rhythm research. Chronobiol Int. 2004;21(2):161-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1081/cbi-120030045